• Jan 28, 2026 linear algebra and vector calculus 2110015 ial F_3}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial F_2}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial F_1}{\partial y} \right) \] Laplacian (∇²): Second-order differential operator, sum of second partial derivatives. For scalar \( f \): \( \nabla^2 f = \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial By Lloyd Hilll
